Secondary Data - 2036 Words

Q) What are Secondary Data? Secondary Data Secondary data is information gathered for purposes other than the completion of a research project. Data previously collected by someone else, possibly for some other purpose that can be used later for making decisions if found suitable for the purpose, other than the original one. Secondary data can be acquired from the internal records of the organization, their departments, subsidiaries or sister organizations and also from external sources, such as chambers of commerce, government, professional and commercial consultants subject to the availability of data . †¢ e.g., data in books, journals, newspapers, magazines, etc. †¢ e.g., data in reports, surveys,†¦show more content†¦Accounting and financial records. These are often an overlooked source of internal secondary information and can be invaluable in the identification, clarification and prediction of certain problems. Accounting records can be used to evaluate the success of various marketing strategies such as revenues from a direct marketing campaign. There are several problems in using accounting and financial data. One is the timeliness factor – it is often several months before accounting statements are available. Another is the structure of the records themselves. Most firms do not adequately setup their accounts to provide the types of answers to research questions that they need. For example, the account systems should capture project/product costs in order to identify the company’s most profitable (and least profitable) activities. Companies should also consider establishing performance indicators based on financial data. These can be industry standards or unique ones designed to measure key performance factors that will enable the firm to monitor its performance over a period of time and compare it to its competitors. Some example may be sales per employee, sales per square foot, expenses per employee (salesperson, etc.). 3. Miscellaneous reports. These can include such things as inventory reports, service calls, number (qualifications and compensation) of staff, production and RD reports. AlsoShow MoreRelatedSecondary Data4906 Words   |  20 PagesCollecting, Reviewing, and Analyzing Secondary Data WHAT IS SECONDARY DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS? Secondary data analysis can be literally defined as second-hand analysis. It is the analysis of data or information that was either gathered by someone else (e.g., researchers, institutions, other NGOs, etc.) or for some other purpose than the one currently being considered, or often a combination of the two (Cnossen 1997). If secondary research and data analysis is undertaken with care and diligenceRead MorePrimary and Secondary Data3550 Words   |  15 Pages1. PRIMARY ANDSECONDARY DATA We explore the availability and use of data (primary and secondary) in the field of business research.Specifically, we examine an international sample of doctoral dissertations since 1998, categorizingresearch topics, data collection, and availability of data. Findings suggest that use of only primarydata pervades the discipline, despite strong methodological reasons to augment with secondary data. INTRODUCTION Data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitativeRead MoreIntroduction to Secondary Data1935 Words   |  8 Pagesof the research project specifies both the data that are needed and how they are to be obtained. The first step in the data-collection process is to look for secondary data. These are data that were developed for some purpose other than for helping to solve the problem at hand. The data that are still needed after that search is completed will have to be developed specifically for the research project and are known as primary data. The secondary data that are available are relatively quick andRead MoreDifference Primary and Secondary Data923 Words   |  4 Pages d) Malls e) Saloons Market stategy: f) Target g) Demography h) Packaging i) Labeling j) Pricing Q.7) Market research is generally either primary or secondary. Primary market research is when a company carries out research first hand. Primary market research is more reliable than secondary research because you know that the information you have gathered is accurate, as you have collected it yourself. It is also specific to your type of product/service. On the other handRead MoreSecondary Analysis of Qualitative Data2317 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay aims to examine the practice of secondary analysis on qualitative data in terms of barriers to overcome and advantages of its practice. Over the last decades, archives of qualitative data have become widely accessible to research-es and there has been a smaller revolution in the practice of secondary analysis on such data. (Seale, 2004) There are both practical and methodological ad-vantages for researchers to use data that has been collected by others in order to pursue new research.Read MoreSecondary Data And Sales Potential848 Words   |  4 PagesSecondary Data Sales Potential In order to accurately predict sales potential, the measurement of market size in which the product will be introduced is a vital factor in the initial marketing process. An analysis of the relating demographic factors, market trends, and competitor market share should be executed to achieve this. The following secondary data and market research will allow for one to determine how, when, and to whom the Skarp Razor should be launched into the current Canadian consumerRead MoreMain Advantage Of Secondary Data For My Research969 Words   |  4 PagesSecondary Research Secondary data is data collected from other reliable sources. Common sources of secondary data include census reports, Government records, newspaper articles and many more. Secondary research plays vital role in any kind of research. This is as of now gathered and accessible. Secondary data has the upside of being accessible quickly, is frequently cheap and simple to get yet the weakness is that it may not meet all the needs of research. Advantage The main advantage of secondaryRead MoreThe Origin Of Secondary Data And How The Samples Will Be Selected1944 Words   |  8 Pages 3. Methodology This chapter will present how the author finds answers to our research questions, the author will explain the origin of secondary data and how the samples will be selected. Figure 9 is the schematic presentation of the methodology. Figure 9 Methodology Process (Foster, 1998, p. 81) 3.1 Purpose of the Research In the chapter of Research Purpose and Objectives, the purpose of this research has been briefly explained. Generally, there are three common types of purposes of academicRead MoreUsing Secondary Data Collected From Online Sources Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pages3.0 Methodology The paper uses a comparative case analysis through the use of secondary data collected from online sources. Some of the data include news, books, organisational and football club website. 3.1 Comparative Case Study A comparative case study is an in-depth investigation of a person, group, institution or phenomena through comparison with another . The paper will do a comparative case study of FC Barcelona with the leading clubs in terms of revenue generation, namely Real MadridRead MoreComparing Techniques For Collecting Data On Primary And Secondary Sources2212 Words   |  9 Pages Statistical Inferences Purpose: In this unit we have studied how to: †¢ comparing techniques for collecting data in primary and secondary sources. †¢ Making sense of the position of the mean and median in skewed, symmetric and bimodal displays to describe and interpret data. †¢ Constructing histograms and back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots. †¢ Calculate relative frequencies †¢ Investigate data used and its validity Now it is your turn to demonstrate your fluency and understanding of these concepts

To Be a Doll Essay - 1328 Words

In the play â€Å"A Dolls House† by Henrik Ibsen, the character of Nora uses the phrase â€Å"the most wondrous thing† to refer to something she has done outside of her husband’s knowledge and what she imagines his reaction will be when he finds out. Throughout the play Nora wants to be and to remain only a doll to her husband and acts with utter childish selfishness when she cannot maintain her romantic illusions by keeping secrets, performing kid like distractions, and running away from her problems. Nora, with the best of intentions, has caught herself and her family in a legal trap caused by her disregard of the law, when she forges her father’s signature on a bond. In her conversation she first discusses with Mrs. Linde â€Å"Yes, a wonderful†¦show more content†¦Ibsen shows that Torvald controls his wife to the point that he specifies what she is to eat. He shows this when Torvald asks Nora â€Å"Hasnt Miss Sweet Tooth been breaking rules in town today?† (I.6). Noras resulting childish rebellion shows later when she secretly eats a macaroon or two she had hidden in her pocket. Torvald also asks Nora about household money and how she seems to spend it all when he says â€Å"You are an odd little soul. Very like your father. You always find some new way of wheedling money out of me, and, as soon as you have got it, it seems to melt in your hands† (I.6). The character Torvald is voicing his personal beliefs when talks about the way she spends money as being more a part of her heredity and beyond her control due to her sex rather than a learned personal habit. Men of that era and to some extent now, believed that women are simply on the level of a child just by being a woman. Thereby women are incapable of adult understanding; much less responsible for their own actions. Nora comes to the realization that her deceit is soon to come back to her. In her desperate situation she comes up with one scheme after another in an attempt to distract her husband, so that he does not find out what she has done. She tries to pick the lock in the letter drop. She begs for Torvald to pay attention to her instead of his business. She even dances poorly so that sheShow MoreRelatedDoll : A Doll1637 Words   |  7 PagesSerena im glad I found you. You wont believe what just happened! Alex frantically said. Alex. So glad you could make it. Serena said meanly crossing her arms. Look Im sorry I missed you. Chaka- Alex motioned back with a thumb. Serena looked like she wasnt having it. She put her hand on her hip with a slightly disapproving look. Then he realized what she was wearing. She looked amazing in the deep red skirt and corset that showed off plenty of her chest. Wow you look incredible- I meanRead MoreDolls and New Heritage Doll3976 Words   |  16 Pages4212 SEPTEMBER 15, 2010 TIMOTHY LUEHRMAN HEIDE ABELLI In mid-September of 2010, Emily Harris, vice president of New Heritage Doll Company’s production division, was weighing project proposals for the company’s upcoming capital budgeting meetings in October. Two proposals stood out based on their potential to strengthen the division’s innovative product lines and drive future growth. However, due to constraints on financial and managerial resources, Harris knew it was possible that theRead MoreA Doll s House : Dolls2775 Words   |  12 Pages A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realize thatRead MoreA Doll s House : Dolls2775 Words   |  12 Pages A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realizeRead MoreThe Youngest Doll1174 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Mason Lewis Dr. Taylor English 110 7, March 2014 The Youngest Doll Throughout the year we have read many stories where reality and fantasy come into question. Once again we have this same problem with â€Å"The Youngest Doll†. What makes us question reality or fantasy in the story is the vivid description the author gives of the dolls that the aunt makes for the girls. With the description of the â€Å"wax mask of the child’s face† or the â€Å"porcelain of the hands and face†, it gives off the allusionRead Morea dolls house1153 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ A Doll’s House South University Ibsen’s a doll house centers around a time where men worked and women were the care givers of the home. In a Doll’s House there were some major points made that eventually led up to that one defining moment. The defining moment for me was when Nora decided that she no longer wants to live the lifestyle of being the â€Å"doll†. It starts with Torvalds reading the letter about her borrowing the money and Nora’s secret is finally exposedRead MoreA Doll HOuse941 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play A Doll House, there are many references pertaining how a woman was expected to behave and how men were expected to behave in the time that this play was written. Nora’s character first appears to be very â€Å"female†. For an example, she doesn’t have a real job, she spends money carelessly, and she say and do things to make her appear very dependent on Torvald. On the other end Torvald her husband, makes the money for the family and he appears to be the nice one in the house. Role playingRead MoreDoll House799 Words   |  4 Pagestransferred from papa’s hands into yours. You arranged everything according to your own taste, and so I got the same tastes as your else I pretended to† (III. 142). Nora is a woman made to be a doll, and she plays the role with lies and misdeeds. Nora again demonstrates the lack of opinion. Nora’s life as a deceptive doll is further showcased by the dangerous decisions she makes. Nora takes out a fraudulent loan against her father’s name because she wants something and cannot have it. Nora realizes theRead MorePlastic Doll655 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic Doll 1. What is the difference between energy and power? What is a unit of power? How does speed relate to power? .energy is the ability of doing work while power is the rate at whch work is done unit of power = Watts = 1J/s power = force * velocity 2. Explain how a sound is actually a form of energy? In what medium do sound waves travel? The longitudinal waves generated by sound will create a wave that transfers at some rate , corresponds to transfer of energy. They travelRead MoreNew Heritage Doll1375 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿New Heritage Doll 1. Compute the Free Cash Flows for the years 2010 to 2020 for both projects See excel File attached. Assumptions: * We assumed the required working capital in table 2 and 3 is the amount required in 2010, for further years we computed the WCR based on the ratio’s of minimum cash balance, number of days sales outstanding, inventory turnover and days payable outstanding (deducting the depreciation as instructed) * We assumed the SGA and fixed production costs were project specific

Embedding Ethical Leadership and Organization Levels †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Embedding Ethical Leadership and Organization Levels. Answer: Introduction Oil and gas are the world's most valuable commodities. However, the oil and gas industry is faced with various environmental risks. These may range from oil spills, leaks, explosions and emission of dangerous gases into the atmosphere which may encourage global warming, (Burnham et al., 2011, p. 619). Serious accidents that have faced gas and oil industries in the past have resulted from unethical practices. These accidents include the Exxon oil spill which happened in 1989 resulting in the contamination of the ocean, incapacitation of fishing activities and liabilities to the company in terms of cleanups and compensation, BP explosion incident in 2010 which resulted in the death of eleven workers and the methane gas emissions which result from fracking activities, (Gill, et al., 2012, p. 3). There is, therefore, need for oil and gas companies to embrace ethical leadership and ensure ethical risk management activities are put in place to reduce the accidents. According to Thiel et al. (2012, p. 49), ethics refers to the right behavior expected of a person, corporate body or group of individuals. It defines what is right or wrong in an organization. When a company is faced with unethical practices, then it may be exposed to several ethical risks. Moral risk refers to unexpected negative consequences that result from immoral activities, (Ford Richardson, 2013, p. p. 20). Ethical risk management deals with several ways in which ethical risks can be identified, mitigated and transformed, (Valentine et al., 2011, p. 358). Ethical risk management in the oil and gas companies relates to the reduction of accidents in the following ways: Management of change Change management enables the company to adjust to risk. When a corporation has transparent change management procedures, it will be able to identify the dangerous areas of the business and adapt to them before any accidents occur, (Craft, 2013, p. 228). Change management closely relates to the strategy formulation. Companies should formulate strategies that allow for change. Whenever there is a change in operations, proper policies should be put in place to support such changes, (Hartman et al., 2014, p. 108). Changes can be exerted on employees, technology or the management structure of the organization as a whole. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill gives an example of improper change management, which led to a fatal explosion. In this case, the emergency responder had died five years ago before the accident happened, yet there was no replacement made, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 426). The emergency responder would play a vital role in responding to unusual occurrences like an explosion. This shows that the organization did not embrace change, as the employees were not properly evaluated to determine whether they handled their activities. Proper preparedness for disaster The gas and oil industry may be faced with various risks. These may result from unethical practices in the firms. Companies must embrace ethical leadership, and formulate strict risk policies to deal with ethical risks, (Crane Matten, 2016, p. 201). Some ethical risks like an explosion, leakage and oil spillage are common in gas and oil industries, (Finkel Law, 2011, p. 784). However, if proper preparation and safety procedures are put in place, then such occurrences may easily be tackled. A good example to illustrate this point can be derived from the case of Deepwater Horizon spill. In this case study, the oil rig was not well-maintained as it lacked a remote control shut off switch that could be used to plug the leakage, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 428). The blowout on the rig was also faulty. This showed clearly that the company was not prepared to handle emergencies such as explosions in case they occurred. Exxons case is also not an exemption. There is a clear evidence of unpreparedness. APSC which was operating the shipping terminal and the Alaska Pipeline at Valdez was not effectively prepared to contain the spillage, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 427). Therefore, it took several hours to put together the equipment. It was also not sure whether to use a tug or barge for containing the spillage, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 427). This resulted in a lot of time wastage in containing the spillage. Organizations can offer on-the-job training to the employees to ensure that they have the right skills to handle activities extended to them. Proper training and certification also ensure that workers are fully qualified to do their jobs and that they fully understand the risks that they may be exposed to while handling different tasks in the firm, (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016, p. 99). In Exxon Valdez disaster, the third mate who steered the tanker ship did not have a license. This showed that the captain was not competent and certified to handle the activities of a captain. This could be one of the causes of the accident that resulted into the oil spillage Providing incentives to change the safety culture During the extraction of crude oil, dangerous gases may be emitted into the atmosphere. This may cause air pollution. Oil may also spill on the oceans posing threats to the health and safety of aquatic life, (Finkel Law, 2011, p. 784). The employees may also be exposed to health risks, whenever they inhale the gases emitted. Accidents such as explosions may also result into loss of lives of the employees, (North et al., 2014, p. 8389). Therefore, ethical risk management is necessary for reducing accidents and risk exposure levels, through prioritizing on safety and sustainability. Sustainable operations are operations geared towards reducing adverse effects to the environment. Companies which major on the sustainability of their activities, usually ensure that they do not pollute the environment, or expose their employees to health risks, (Elsenbeiss, 2012, p. 792). In the case of Exxon, the rupturing of the hull could have been prevented if the company could use a double hull in the tanker. However, the company could incur 22 million in costs. BP also used a faulty blowout preventer on the rig, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 428). This only showed disregard to safety, which later led to an explosion. Employees should follow proper codes of behavior to operate efficiently in the organization. Codes of conduct dictate how employees should handle themselves in the organization, (Thiel et al., 2012, p. 50). Proper ethical considerations ensure that workers adhere to the company rules. It is evident from Exxons case study that the captain's system had a considerable quantity of alcohol, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 426). Therefore, he was not supposed to be allowed to operate the ship. The captain who had the credentials to run the ship was also asleep at the time of the accident. This showed clear ethical lapse which may have contributed to the worsening of the situation during the spillage. Comparison of the risks faced by Exxon, BP, and the Fracking industry as they strive to provide a constant energy supply. Some of the risks faced by Exxon, BP and the fracking industry in their attempt to provide sufficient energy supply are leaks, explosions, and spills. The companies are also faced with the loss of reputation due to the accidents, political risks, and financial risks. These are discussed as follows: Spills occur when oil finds their ways out of the cargos and into the oceans. Many of the world's largest oil reserves are located beneath the sea, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 426). Therefore companies must take adequate measures to reduce spills during extraction. The Exxon oil spill which happened in 1989 illustrates one of the risks that oil and gas companies face. The spill had important effects which included the death of sea birds, interference with fishing activities and loss of reputation of the firm among its customers, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 427). The company also incurred legal expenses and other cleanup costs. Oil and gases are always highly flammable. Therefore the companies face a risk that the gases and oil may explode, (Michel et al., 2013, p. 65087). This is precisely demonstrated in the case of BP, whereby there was an explosion in 2010 that led to the loss of lives of eleven employees. The oil also continued leaking into the Gulf, for three months, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 429). Thousands of aquatic animals were killed in the oily waters, and most of the people who derived their income from the Gulf of Mexico lost all or parts of their earnings. The also beaches turned black because of the oil. Hydraulic fracturing results in the emission of methane gases into the atmosphere. These may cause safety risks to the employees. However, most companies have not carried out proper education to the community regarding the adverse effects of hydraulic fracturing, (Brandt et al., 2014, p. 733). The risk of emissions makes fracking activities more harmful than beneficial to the communities living in the areas where fracking is conducted, (North et al., 2014, p. 8389). While oil extraction industries pose substantial effects to the environment through emission of harmful gases, spills, leakages, and explosions, fracking activities expose individuals living near the fracking sites to safety risks through emission of radioactive gases like methane. As stated by Thiel et al. (2012, p. 50), reputation refers to the respect a company holds among its stakeholders such as the customers, employees, creditors, and suppliers. Whenever a company operates ethically, then it may derive respect from the community, (Valentine et al., 2011, p. 354). However unethical operations may lead to deterioration of a companys reputation. The best example can be extracted from BP's case study. The company was formerly respected by its customers and employees as it concentrated on safety and sustainability of its operations especially after learning from Exxon oil spill, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 428). This was until the 2010 explosion occurred, leading to the death of eleven employees when it lost its reputation. The company could therefore not defend its preparedness regarding the safety of its employees in times of emergency. Hydraulic fracturing activities may also not hold reputation in the community as the emissions of gases like methane into the atmosphere expose their employees and the community as a whole to safety and health risks. Exxon also lost its reputation after the 1989 oil spill, which led to the death of sea birds, incapacitation of fishing activities and liabilities in the form of clean-ups and other legal liabilities in the form of compensation, (Ritchie, 2012, p. 188). These examples only show how the accidents faced by Exxon, BP and the fracturing continue to reduce the level of reputation they hold in their operational environment. They all face political risks Political risks are always faced by states, investors or organizations, when the political decisions made have a high tendency of making them incur losses. Political risks may arise from liabilities that emanate from unethical practices conducted by firms, (Ford Richardson, 2013, p. 20). Exxon, BP and the fracking have continued to face different political risks in the course of their operations. To start with, Exxon was exposed to liabilities worth 10 billion due to the spill, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 426). These included clean-up, fines and compensation expenses. BP also had to spend 36.5 billion dollars for cleanup and plugging the leakage, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 429). These are political risks that face the oil and gas industries. Fracking activities also lead to the emission of methane gas into the atmosphere. The fracking companies may, therefore, be exposed to liabilities related to compensation, whenever they expose the employees to health and safety risks, (Vangosh et al. 2014, p. 8334). Financial risk is the possibility an enterprise or its shareholders may make some loses when they invest in a business that has a debt. Debts may be caused by unethical practices that a company involves in, (Craft, 2013, p. 222). For example, if a company exposes its employees to health risks, making the employees sick or get injured, then the company may be forced to compensate such workers. After the spill, Exxon was forced to pay for cleanup costs. It also paid legal expenses to inform of fines and compensation, (Palinkas, 2012, p. 220). Therefore, the company lost money in the process. This is a clear example of a financial risk. BP was also forced to pay cleanup costs and other compensation costs after the 2010 explosion, (Gill et al., 2012, p. 23). Fracking companies are also not exempted from financial risks. This is because they may lose money, paying for compensations to their injured employees and community members as a result of dangerous gases emitted through their operations. How ethical Leadership helps the oil and gas industry manage risk Leadership involves getting things done through people. A good leader must be able to motivate and inspire the workers to achieve the desired organizational goals, (Schaubroeck et al., 2012, p. 1053). Ethical leadership is usually directed by respect of beliefs, values, rights, and dignity of others, (Pless Maak, 2011, p. 10). It is, therefore, related to concepts like consideration, charisma, fairness, and trust. Ethics is usually concerned with the virtuousness of individuals and their motives, (Thiel et al., 2012, p. 49). The following are how ethical leadership may help oil and gas industry in managing risk: Transparency involves doing things in the right way and as required by the organization. Responsibility, on the other hand, refers to a situation whereby, employees are held accountable for their actions, (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016, p. 98). Ethical leadership enables employees to be motivated to be responsible for conducting their duties in the right manner. The case of Exxon reflects an example of unethical leadership. The captain who was entrusted with operating the ship was fast asleep at the time of the spill, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 426). This shows how irresponsible the captain was. The third mate who operated the tanker ship did not have a license, hence was not qualified for the job, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 426). In the case of BP, the emergency responder had died five years before the explosion occurred. These examples show cases of unethical leadership. Environmental risk refers to the potential or actual adverse effects on living organisms and the environment by resource depletion, emissions, wastes and effluents arising out of the activities conducted by an organization. Proper ethical leadership would ensure that the company adopts sustainable operations to minimize emissions into the atmosphere, (Schaubroeck et al., 2012, p. 1053). The oil and gas companies are faced with the risk of emissions, spills, and leakages, (Finkel Law, 2011, p. 785). These risks can only be controlled through exhibiting ethical leadership. Proper detoxification procedures should be taken in place to ensure the emissions are not hazardous to the environment. Leaders should make sure adequate preparedness is respected to ensure emergencies are handled accordingly. The BP explosion that occurred in 2010 could be controlled if the company had prepared adequately for emergencies. In the case of Exxon, if the company concentrated on safety, then it could have acquired enough emergency equipment, which could be used to conduct cleanups, during the spill. However, it was evident that there was lack of preparedness, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 426). The company also depended on skimmer boats to clean up the oil spills, which broke down frequently. Safety and quality management Safety of the employees and the community as a whole should be considered by every company before venturing into any activity. Enterprises should put in place safety measures to control health risks that the employees may be exposed to in the course of their operations, (Crane Matten, 2016, p. 200). Proper equipment should be installed to control accidents. Organizations should also ensure that its equipment is properly inspected for any faults, (Crane Matten, 2016, p. 200). Quality of the material used by businesses should be monitored to ensure that they do not expose the workers and the organization generally to any form of risk. In Exxon's case, if the company could use a double hull in the tanker, then it could have prevented the hull from getting ruptured which resulted into oil spillage. The company also lacked proper communication channels, (Ferrel Fraedrich, 2015, p. 426). This inhibited the communication between the shore and APSC crew during the spill. Ethical leadership ensures that companies are fully prepared to handle risks. This can be enhanced through the creation of a risk policy, (Craft, 2013, p. 222). The risk policy statement states the level of risk accepted by the company and the level beyond which the organization should not take a risk, (Craft, 2013, p. 222). Taking risk without proper evaluation is one of the leading causes of accidents. In Exxon and BP's cases, there is an apparent show of unpreparedness for risk. This reflects unethical leadership. If the companies in the oil and gas industry formulate adequate risk policies and put in place proper machinery to handle risk, then it could help in managing their risk exposure. Conclusions The activities of oil and gas companies are as socially and politically complex. In the last two decades, some oil and gas companies have made commendable strides in doing their businesses in more sustainable and socially responsible ways. However, most accidents in the oil and gas industries have been caused by unethical leadership. Oil and gas companies should, therefore, embrace ethical leadership to ensure the promotion of a culture of transparency and responsibility, proper environmental risk management and avail adequate safety and quality control measures to ensure they operate responsibly and reduce ethical risks. In the case study, Exxon, BP, and the fracking industry continue to face similar risks, in their attempts to provide adequate energy supply. These risks which include leaks, spills and explosions, reduction of reputation from customers and the community in which they operate, political risks and financial risks can only be managed through embracing ethical leadershi p. References Brandt, A. et al., 2014. Methane Leaks from North American Natural Gas Systems. Science, 343(6172), pp.733-735. Burnham, A. et al., 2011. Life-cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Shale Gas, Natural Gas, Coal, and Petroleum. Environmental Science Technology, 46(2), pp.619-627. Craft, J.L., 2013. A Review of the Empirical Ethical Decision-making Literature: 20042011. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2), pp.221-259. Crane, A. Matten, D., 2016. Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization. Oxford University Press. Pp. 200-305. Eisenbeiss, S., 2012. Re-thinking Ethical Leadership: An Interdisciplinary Integrative Approach. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), pp.791-808. Ferrell, O. Fraedrich, J., 2015. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases. Nelson Education. Pp. 427-436. Finkel, M.L. Law, A., 2011. The Rush to Drill for Natural Gas: a Public Health Cautionary Tale. American Journal of Public Health, 101(5), pp.784-785. Ford, R.C. Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical Decision Making: A Review of the Empirical Literature. In Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Gill, D.A., Picou, J.S. Ritchie, L.A., 2012. The Exxon Valdez and BP Oil Spills: a Comparison of Initial Social and Psychological Impacts. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(1), pp.3-23. Hartman, L.P., Desjardins, J.R. MacDonald, C., 2014. Business Ethics: Decision Making for Personal Integrity and Social Responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pp. 105-118. Michel, J. et al., 2013. Extent and Degree of Shoreline Oiling: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA. PLoS One, 8(6), p.65087. North, D.W., Stern, P.C., Webler, T. Field, P., 2014. Public and Stakeholder Participation for Managing and Reducing the Risks of Shale Gas Development. Environmental Science Technology, 48(15), pp.8388-8396. Palinkas, L.A., 2012. A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Mental Health Impacts of Oil Spills: Lessons from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Psychiatry: Interpersonal Biological Processes, 75(3), pp.203-222. Pless, N.M. Maak, T., 2011. Responsible Leadership: Pathways to the Future. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(1), pp.3-13. Ritchie, L.A., 2012. Individual Stress, Collective Trauma, and Social Capital in the Wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Sociological Inquiry, 82(2), pp.187-211. Schaubroeck, J.M. et al., 2012. Embedding Ethical Leadership within and across Organization Levels. Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), pp.1053-1078. Shapiro, J.P. Stefkovich, J.A., 2016. Ethical Leadership and Decision Making in Education: Applying Theoretical Perspectives to Complex Dilemmas. Routledge. Pp. 98-115. Thiel, C.E.et al., 2012. 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Life On The Mississippi Essays - Fiction, Literature,

Life On The Mississippi ?Life on the Mississippi', by Mark Twain, is a signet classic. It is a romantic history of the great Mississippi River and autobiography of Mark Twain's early days as a steamboat man. It has many interesting stories about nights on the watch and brawls between the men aboard. This is Twain's own experience on learning to navigate the mighty Mississippi. Mark Twain is one of America's greatest writers of all time. His real name was being Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He introduced us to the stories of ?The adventure's of Tom Sawyer', ?The Prince and the Pauper', and Mark Twain's finest novel ?Huckleberry Finn'. ?Life on the Mississippi' is 383 pages long. It has about forty lines on each page and nine to eleven words on each line. The book has a lot of southern dialect, which makes you feel the mood of the story, but is also harder to read. This book is much like Twain's later books in which it is intended for the more adventurous types so that you can follow the every move of young Sam. In my personal opinion, a trip down the Mississippi on a steamboat is quite boring and not adventurous. ?Life on the Mississippi' is much like ?The Adventures of Tom Sawyer' and ?Huckleberry Finn'. Critics rank this book in the twain canon with Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn. This book has been made in to a movie. It was PBS-TV presentation of ?Life on The Mississippi'. I do not know if the movie is better or if the movie corresponds with the book. I have not seen the movie. This book is unusual in the way that it is setup. It starts off talking about Sam's childhood and then goes to his adult years all in one chapter. The change over is not consistent. There is a time lapse there. Mark Twain's purpose for writing this book was to tell about years of being a steamboat man on the mighty Mississippi. He tells all he can remember from his loves to his enemies. There are many characters in this. First there is young Sam. Sam is a young Mark Twain. Sam pays 500 dollars so he can ride along on a boat to learn the Mississippi so that he can one day become a steamboat pilot. Horace Bixby is the steamboat captain who took the cub Sam. Uncle Mumford is Sam's uncle who is a mate on a lot of boats, he was also at West Point for four years. Tom is also a young cub like Sam. He is also one of Sam's better friends on the ship. Mr. Drown is an old businessman that gets himself into a lot of trouble on the ship. Finally there is Mr. Pellicrew. He is a riverboat passenger that is caught bringing life jacket on the boat because of his fear of drowning. A quote that I found meaningful is ?Well, I can follow the front hall in the dark if I know it is the front of the hall; but suppose you set me down in the middle of it in the dark and not tell me which hall it is; how am I to know I think that Sam showed Mr. Bixby up on this little fight. Mr. Bixby knew he was wrong, but still got his last word in by saying, ?Well, you've got to, on the river!? Another quote that stood out to me was in chapter one. ?The world and the books are so accustomed to use, and over-use, the word ?new' in connection with our country, that we early get and permanently retain the impression that there is nothing old about it.? I think this mean that people are changing with the times and that the are excepting as well. This book is a non-fiction book that is not up to dates because like Twain said in the book the river is always changing. He was right about that. The book does have photographs, which were taken during the PBS-TV movie ?Life on the Mississippi,? in the middle of the book. The only way that I would recommend this book to a friend was if he liked the river and stories about the river. My